Have a listing that just doesn’t match? No problem. Here’s a pro tip, incorporate elements of your palette into your wardrobe or backdrops when snapping pics that way photos of you will always fit into your feed. This means the colours in your colour palette should be represented in every single photo. Similar to choosing a tone, you want your posts to be colour coordinated. If you’re not sure what your tone is take this 2-minute quiz that will give you insight into your brand style. Be aware of these three things and aim for consistency and your feed will thank you. Tones come out in to play with the use of filters (limit yourself to 2) and colours (choose a colour a palette and don’t deviate) as well as the type and style of photo. TWO | CHOOSE A TONEĪre you light, bright and airy? Moody and sleek? Boho chic? Pick one and stick to it! But how do you even do that Melanie? Glad you asked. If you really feel inclined to share blurry or less than stellar photos pop them into your stories where they will live and die in 24 hours and where the need for that perfectly branded look is less important. That means save that photo that’s kind of blurry (but totally hilarious) of you falling down face first in the snow off of your grid. Imagine a potential seller, landing on your profile only to see blurry or messy content… they might wonder if that’s your go-to standard and leave it right there. If you are a service based business or personal brand (as a realtor you are both!) you really want to streamline your content with high quality images that make your feed look more professional. Unlike sites such as Twitter, the name of the game on Instagram is beautiful or captivating/interesting photos that engage our senses and make us want to tap that heart button. Listen up friends, Instagram is a visual platform. Here are 5 things you can do today to get that perfectly branded IG grid. You can use the ‘media’ feature in Plann to import your favorite images and videos from your Google Drive, Google Photos, Dropbox or desktop.Ĭan’t find the perfect image or video? No worries! On Plann Desktop, have access to an extensive stock image library that will make designing your Instagram grid ten million times easier.Stuck trying to make your Instagram feed look stellar with little success? Don’t worry you’re not alone! This is the number 1 question I get asked almost on a daily basis, realtors from all over the globe jump into my DM’s to ask how they can create a beautiful looking feed. Next, you’ll need to fill in all the slots on your Instagram grid with images and photos. This will guide where your content needs to go, so all you need to do is fill in the gaps. Find the perfect one for you, then click to have it added to your grid. The good news is, we’ve got just the thing to help you figure these out! Living inside the ‘strategy’ section in Plann, our content prompts are pre-designed strategies for 50+ different industries. Your perfect Instagram grid starts with choosing your content themes, which should be based your niche, industry, and audience. What is it? It’s called Plann, and it’s totally going to change your Instagram game! How To Design Your Instagram Grid On A Desktop Choose Your Content Themes Say goodbye to the frustration and say hello to the easiest way to design the perfect Instagram grid on a desktop computer. Watch: How to design your perfect grid on a desktop It can be frustrating when you’ve uploaded images from a DSLR to your laptop, edited a few things in photoshop and you’re ready to go but you don’t have an easy way to design your Instagram grid on a desktop. But how do you design your Instagram grid on a desktop? We all know that a visually appealing Instagram grid is the key to gaining more followers and increasing your Instagram engagement. Scheduling Instagram Posts From A Desktop.Drag And Drop The Perfect Instagram Grid.
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Well-known for troubleshooting even complex issues, factory reset has long been a go-to troubleshooter for me when dealing with a problem that does not seem to get resolved through basic tips. Go to the Settings app on your iPhone -> General -> Software Update -> download and install the latest version of iOS on your device.įinally, I would suggest you factory reset your iPhone.Hence, there is a good chance that the software update will help you troubleshoot the issue. Try updating the software as it often comes with a plethora of bug fixes and performance enhancements. Haven’t got the better of the issue as yet? No problem. Now, you need to hold down the power button until you see the Apple logo on the screen. Then, press and release the volume down button. So, we will give it a chance to resolve the background removal tool not working in iOS 16 as well. When it comes to fixing an annoying issue, the hard reset is very effective. After that, drop the image at the desired spot. Once the subject has been lifted, use another finger to get out of the app and move to another app. If you are trying to lift the subjects from any photos, gently press the image and then drag. Gently Press on the Image And Drag Your Finger to Isolate the Subjects If the subjects are not defined, the background removal tool may not work properly. Ensure That the Subject is Clearly DefinedĪpple’s background removal tool works on almost any image where subjects are clearly defined. Since iOS 16 is still a work in progress, it is just a matter of time before many apps including the ones from the third party will support this useful feature. iPhone SE 2nd-generation & 3rd generation (20 models)īear in mind that iOS 16’s background removal tool currently supports only a handful of built-in apps including:.Take a look at the list of devices that are compatible. Keep in mind that it requires an A12 or a newer chip-equipped iPhone model. Ensure That Your iPhone is Compatibleįirst and foremost, make sure your iPhone supports the native background removal tool. Though it’s quite easy to perform the gesture, you’ve got to execute it correctly. Besides, I would also suggest you use the background removal gesture correctly. Moreover, currently, it works with only some apps. Unfortunately, Apple has made this useful feature exclusive to only the latest iPhone models. Without overlooking software bugs that could be behind the problem, I would recommend you check off compatibility before anything else. 2 Fixed! Background Removal Tool Not Working in iOS 16īefore getting started, let’s get to the route of the issue and figure out why it crops up! Why doesn’t the Background Removal Tool Work on my iPhone? Unfortunately I have not been able to test it in deeper snow yet but I reckon coldly that it will behave like a Bibby but a little narrower. No broad-legged notches in fact, it is possible that it is the stiffness and cushioning that is behind it. In a short cord turn, I experience that it goes really well, even in a rock-hard piste. However, the transition between cord and insert is almost seamless. However, it is happy to release the insert and skid out. The radius is relatively long + 25m so it is not a ski you lie and carve in a steep piste, but it can of course be driven on inserts when it flattens out. There are no no tendencies to cut or anything. Regardless of the surface, the ski guides you where you point your toes. PB&J was the obvious choice and it delivers immediately. Now I still wanted to go down a bit in width and supplement the quiver with a slightly more reasonable waist width for resort skiing in Sweden. Bibby is the ski that taught me to go off-piste and forest, mostly thanks to this. With Moments shape, that problem disappears. A rigid ski becomes more predictable, but with a classic shape, the rigid ski becomes impossible for non-experts to handle. The ski becomes unpredictable as it is constantly bent very differently. The problem with soft skis often arises when you go out on uneven ground. Personally, I prefer Moments variant where you get a ski that is really stiff and predictable but where the shape, with a clear twin rocker gets a ski that is very easy to ride in varied terrain. Many skis try to be "kind" and easy to ride by being soft. In both cases it is about really stiff skis with a playful shape. PB&J is actually the same ski but with a 16mm narrower waist. I'm almost biased here as I've been riding big brother Bibby Pro for many years as my only ski. A little diffuse on inserts and no direct pop We’ll do this by selecting material with good characteristics for bonsai and by establishing attractive surface roots. The goal of the first phase of development is to make sure we’re investing in the right material. Chapter 1: Preparing trees for development The approach is also simple in that it allows us to focus on one development goal at a time. The main benefit of this approach is that it lets us develop high quality trees in as little time as possible. This brings us to a contemporary approach in which we tailor our efforts in each phase of development to enhance trees’ beauty and minimize flaws as they arise. In some cases, decades may pass before a tree takes on the form of a mature bonsai, and it’s nearly impossible to develop large trunks when trees grow slowly in small containers. The problem with this approach is the time it takes to make compelling bonsai. This approach requires no special development techniques and it has the added benefit that the trees look good as they develop. Young trees are planted in small containers and treated like mature bonsai. This results in trees that vary in quality from grower to grower and from tree to tree within a grower’s collection.Ī third approach has been common among hobbyists since the beginning. When these growers aim for high production numbers, there isn’t always time to prepare young trees for rapid growth, to shape the trunks while they are in the ground, or to address structural concerns when they arise. These growers focus on rapid trunk development by growing trees in the ground and leaving branch development to the hobbyists. This process yields trees that have consistent quality but lack the character we look for in pre-bonsai.Ī second approach is followed by many growers who produce trees for the bonsai community. Sometimes these trees are shaped by wire or pruning to distinguish them from common nursery plants, but they are generally left to grow freely in the pot. Most of North America’s bonsai stock comes from the retail nursery industry. To save you from making the same mistakes, I’ve outlined some best practices that can serve as a guide for what to do along the way.Ĭommon approaches to developing bonsai stockĬhapter 1: Preparing trees for developmentġ.2 Establishing attractive surface rootsĢ.1 Establish an attractive shape for the trunkĢ.2 Creating attractive taper in the trunkĢ.3 Rapidly increase trunk size with sacrifice branchesģ.2 Species-specific techniques for reducing vigor I’ve been growing bonsai from seed for over 25 years and have learned more ways not to grow beautiful bonsai than I care to admit. Some care along the way, it turns out, is required to ensure young trees take the shape we have in mind for them. If you’ve tried this approach, you might have found that things don’t always go smoothly. It would be nice if we could create beautiful bonsai by starting trees from seed or cutting and simply waiting for them to mature. Here we discuss the introduction, how not equal operator work in matlab and examples, respectively. It performs on all data types such as integers, floating numbers, complex variables, characters and strings. The operator performs on each element of input irrespective of dimensionality of input data like single element, single dimension or multiple elements and multidimensionality. In this article, we have seen various ways to use not equal operation in Matlab. And in example 4(b), the first input is an array of words which is compared with a single word, so not equal operator will compare all the words from the first input with the word ‘hello’, and it will also give output in the form of an array. The not equal operation will compare each element from a word with a single letter ‘m’, and it will give a result in the form of an array. In example 4(a), first input is the word ‘hellomatlab’, and the second input is ‘m’, which is a single letter. In this example, we will consider input in forms characters and strings. On such type of dataset, not equal operator compares real and imaginary parts of every element and gives results accordingly, illustrated in example 3. Here the input is multidimensional as well as each element is a complex variable. Previously we have seen simple integers now we will consider a complex variable as elements. In this example type of input, arguments are different. at 21:32 12 The usual notation is 'such that'. at 21:31 3 You could replace the in the first equation by an to make A A an element instead of a set. In example 2(b), we can see data is multi-dimensional (matrix) it has three rows and four columns, so not the equal operation will work on every element of the matrix, and it will give result in the form of three rows and four columns. 4 Usually you would just say that possesses property p1 1, or that p1(A) A) holds. In the previous example, input data was in a single element(single dimension), but if the data has multiple elements then not equal to operation will compare every element from the database and gives output individually for each element, which is illustrated in example 2(a) by using both the methods. In example 1(b) and 1(d), elements are the same therefore, we will get the result as 0 by using both symbolic and syntax methods, respectively. In this two examples, elements are different therefore, we will get the result as 1. In example 1(a), not equal operator used by the symbolic method and in example 1(c), the same problem illustrated by using syntax ‘ne’. If the character does not have an HTML entity, you can use the decimal (dec) or hexadecimal (hex) reference. The first element ‘11’ is declared as ‘var 1’, and the second elements ‘29’ is declared as ‘var 2’. If you want any of these characters displayed in HTML, you can use the HTML entity found in the table below. She has a very good notion of fingering, though her taste is not equal to Anne's (P&P. Let us consider one simple example of one element. 28 Understandably, Darcy is not placed at the keyboard himself. Given below are the examples of Matlab not equal: Example #1 If the result is true, it will be represented as ‘1’, and if the result is false, it will be represented as ‘0’.True and False are represented in the form of once and zeros.
And with support for high-quality audio formats like FLAC and ALAC, you can enjoy your music in stunning, crystal-clear quality.Īnd with over 38631++ downloads and a rating of 4.3 ⭐ stars out of 5 from over 419+ satisfied users, you can trust MIDI To MP3 Converter APK to deliver top-quality performance and results. Change the tempo (speed) and pitch (optional). You can also create custom playlists and radio stations, so you can enjoy the music you love no matter where you are.īut that's not all - MIDI To MP3 Converter APK also offers a range of powerful audio tools, such as an equalizer and a bass booster, so you can fine-tune your listening experience to your exact preferences. How to convert a MIDI to a MP3 file Choose the MIDI file you want to convert. With MIDI To MP3 Converter APK, you can access millions of songs from your favorite artists and genres. With its sleek design and powerful features, MIDI To MP3 Converter APK is the perfect app for anyone looking to take their music listening experience to the next level. Many CD car players may not playback audio files with Bit Rates higher than 128 kbps.MIDI To MP3 Converter APK - The Ultimate Music and Audio App for AndroidĮxperience music like never before with MIDI To MP3 Converter APK, your ultimate music and audio app for Android. * Note: We recommend set Bit Rate at 128 or lower number if you are going to burn music files to CD and use it in your car. Encoding in separate processes makes it reliable and “crash-free”. “MIDI to MP3” fully utilizes all CPU cores. Read More: Exporting converted files to iTunes > “MIDI to MP3” allows exporting converted music to new or existing iTunes playlists in a quick and easy way. Direct MIDI to MP3 Converter is a fast audio utility that allows you to convert MIDI to MP3, WAV, WMA and OGG formats. Read More: Fade-In & Fade-Out Audio Effects > Read More: Trimming Silence and Noise Automatically > Read More: Peak and Loudness (EBU R128) Normalization on Mac > Read More: Audio Effects and Volume Adjusting on Mac OS > This converter’s interface is well designed and very easy to use. You can add a large number of MIDI sequence files to the conversion list, and batch-convert all of them in just one step. You can tailor audio effects to improve the quality of output sound: adjust the volume of too quiet tracks, trim silence and apply fade-in and fade-out effects for smooth playback. Direct MIDI to MP3 Converter is a powerful audio conversion tool capable of converting MIDI, RMI and Karaoke files into standard MP3, WMA, WAV audio files. If you would like convert to a format with a particular Bit Rate*, Channels, etc., just change settings in the Preferences. It guarantees output quality sound, saves your time and hard drive space. “MIDI to MP3” estimates Bit Rate, Sample Rate and Channels automatically, and applies optimal settings to output MP3, WAV, MP4/M4A, FLAC and AIFF files. In the output field, choose the destination folder. In the profile field, select audio from the pull-up menu and choose MP3 as the output format. Click the Add button to select MIDI files and upload them to the program. It is especially convenient if you need to encode the entire MIDI music collection to MP3 or another audio format. Conversion steps: Download and install the app, then launch it. If you convert a batch of folders, "MIDI to MP3" will replicate the structure of source folders. The application supports multiple conversions simultaneously. "MIDI to MP3" allows converting an unlimited number of music records and folders in one click. You will be informed when the conversion of all files is finished. AmazingMIDI is an extraordinary product from Araki Software to convert MP3 to MIDI. MIDI TO MP3 MAKER is a conversion tool specifically designed to convert MIDI files into Mp3 files. De a MIDI-formátumot sem komplex kórusra találták ki, mivel azt elektronikus hangsorok számára tervezték. Egy összetett kórust viszont nem lesz képes MIDI formátumba konvertálni. “MIDI to MP3” converter will estimate conversion time, and provide details of the conversion of every source file. Meglehetsen egyszer, instrumentális MP3-fájlok esetében algoritmusaink elfogadható minség MIDI-fájlokat állítanak el. mid files or folders to the app’s window or icon. “MIDI to MP3” converter accepts and encodes MIDI Audio Files of "Format 0" and "Format 1" to MP3, WAV, FLAC, MP4/M4A or AIFF formats with automatic or customizable audio settings, such as Bit Rate, Sample Rate, and Channels. It includes four different microphone positions and a variety of articulations. Layers’ packs 17 GB of orchestral samples. It’s no surprise that their free offering packs some of the best free orchestral sounds you can get. It lets you create music by allowing you to play on a MIDI keyboard, arrange samples, synthesize sounds, and more You can build your sounds individually before combining them and adjusting them through trackers and. LMMS DAW has more features than most free DAWs out there and LMMS has no limitations when it comes to number of tracks. It allows up to four inputs and outputs at the same time. Orchestral Tools is a high quality orchestral library creator. LMMS(formerly Linux MultiMedia Studio6) is a digital audio workstationapplication program. LMMS, formerly Linux MultiMedia Studio, is a free digital audio workstation (DAW) that you can use on Linux, Windows, and Mac. Live Lite gives you a total of 16 tracks with any combination of audio and midi channels. It’s a limited version of Live that will help you get the feel for this extremely popular DAW. You’ll need a few of these items to set up your home studio, so you might want to look out for a bundle that includes a copy of Live Lite. Create a pro-level production via this feature-filled DAW from LMMS. LMMS, formerly Linux MultiMedia Studio, is a free digital audio workstation (DAW) that you can use on Linux, Windows, and Mac. This free beatmaking software can be compared to the heavyweight DAW FL Studio, due to it’s pattern-oriented interface. Produce music with your computerBy creating melodies and beats, synthesizing and. Many audio interfaces, MIDI controllers, plugins and even iOS apps offer a license for Live Lite. LMMS is a FREE, open-source music production program, designed primarily for beatmaking and loop-based production. It’s built-in pitch shifting and time stretching in the warp feature are powerful and easy to use.Ībleton Live Lite is the stripped down version of Live that Ableton provides bundled with popular software and hardware packages. It was authored by Paul Davis, who also developed the JACK sound server API, which is the backbone of Linux-based professional audio. Users can even build Ardour for their specific hardware and study or modify the source code freely. The unique “session view” makes using loops to compose songs incredibly easy. Ardour (Free/Paid) Ardour is a professional-grade open-source DAW for Linux. Ableton Live is probably the biggest name in DAWs when it comes to electronic and sample-based genres. The same is not true for raster images, since the color information of these images is stretched when scaled. That means images don't lose quality when they're scaled up or down, since the color polygons in a vector image will always maintain their shape. The geometry which comprises vector images is formulaic, making them resolution-independent. Since vector images use dynamic color sections instead of static squares, they provide perfect lines and crisp colors. Vector graphics convey color using scalable color polygons. Raster images use square pixels (bits of color) to convey an image. Most images found online are raster images. What Is a Vector Image?Ī vector image is a scalable image made up of values rather than pixels. Here's how to convert an image to a vector using Adobe Illustrator. Bit map or Raster images are common images created with pixel-based programs or captured with a camera or scanner. It's a quick and simple process and produces excellent results. When you've got a raster graphic that's too small for your needs, the solution is to convert the image to a vector, and you can do this in Adobe Illustrator. They're usually less detailed, but you can make them as big as you like without losing anything. There are numerous other vector formats: CDR is the CorelDRAW native format and XAR is the Xara Xtreme native format, to name a couple.A vector image is made from lines and shapes. Line+spline as well as line only output modes. Some programs have difficulty reading DXF files with splines (curves), so the Desktop Edition supports The AI format is fairly widely supported, but is less ubiquitous than the EPS format, and most programs that read AI can also read EPS.Ī CAD format from Autodesk, used by CAD tools from many different vendors. The native format of Adobe Illustrator is the AI format (Adobe Illustrator Artwork), a modified version of the older EPS format. Support for reading and editing PDF files is much more limited. Those tools work with any program that is able to print. (third party tools that perform the same task are also for sale). Further information on the SVG format may be found on the official SVG website.Īdobe's PDF format (Portable Document Format) is very widely used as a general purpose platform-independent document format.Īnd while it is not exclusively used as such, it is also a very good vector image format.Īdobe gives away the Acrobat PDF reader, but sells the tools required to create PDF files Inkscape and recent versions of Adobe IllustratorĪnd CorelDRAW have good support for reading and writing SVG. The W3C standard vector image format is called SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). Ghostview can read it very well but does not have any editing capabilities. It is widely supported as an export format, but due to the complexity of the full format specification, not all programs that claim to support EPS are able to import all variants of it.Īdobe Illustrator and recent versions of CorelDRAW have very good support for reading and writing EPS. It is the standard interchange format in the print industry. In any case, all of the variants of BMP should be avoided when possible, as they use little to noĬompression and consequently have unnecessarily large file sizes.Īdobe's EPS format (Encapsulated PostScript) is perhaps the most common vector image format. Most modern image editing tools are able to read both. Own formats, both of which are called BMP. There are actually several BMP formats (BitMaP). Vector Magic recommends using the PNG format when storing logos as bitmaps. This format is widely supported by web browsers and image viewers/editors. The best of the lossless image formats is called PNG (Portable Network Graphics). They are more suitable for things like logos. These store an exact pixel-by-pixel representation of the image, but require more space. We do not recommend using JPEG files for rasterized vector art, as the compression artifacts substantially degrade the quality of the image near edges. It has excellent compression characteristics and has the nice feature that the user may specify what level of compression they desire, trading off fidelity for file size. One of the most widely-used image formats. They are also commonly used on the web to save bandwidth. They are best suited to photographs and other images where perfect accuracy is not important. These have smaller file sizes but do not store a perfect copy of the image. Some of the most common are: JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, and TIFF.īroadly speaking, they fall into two categories: Lossy formats This tool converts a shapefile to a raster and applies the values in a specified. The process of raster to vector conversion service involves tracing the pixels of the original image to create a vector file that can be scaled to any size. There is a large number of different bitmap formats. To convert a vector to a raster format, QGIS provides the Rasterize tool. They also absorb sweat and bacteria a bit better than boxer briefs do, making them ideal for active guys or those who live in hot climates.Īt the end of the day, it really comes down to personal preference. On the other hand, trunks are shorter and squarer than boxer briefs, making them a bit more revealing. They also provide more coverage, which is great for guys who are shy about their thighs or butt. They're usually made from a stretchier fabric, which makes them more comfortable and supportive than trunks. And it's no wonder why it's such a dilemma-both styles have their own pros and cons. Trunks or boxer briefs? The age-old question that men have been struggling with for years. If you're looking for something that will help keep your balls cool, go with mesh boxer briefs. If you're looking for something that will keep you cool and dry, go with boxer briefs made from moisture-wicking fabric. If you're looking for something more casual and comfortable, go with trunks. If you're looking for something that provides a bit more coverage, go with boxer briefs. Here's a guide to help you choose the right pair: But what should you buy? Boxer briefs or trunks? So, you're in the market for a new pair of underwear. How to Choose the Right Pair of Boxer Briefs or Trunks Ultimately, it's up to personal preference which style you choose. Boxer briefs are longer and more rectangular in shape, while trunks are shorter and squarer.Īdditionally, boxer briefs usually have a wider waistband, while trunks usually have a narrower waistband. While there are some similarities between the two styles, there are also some key differences. So, you're in the market for some new underwear. Boxer Briefs vs Trunks: What's the Difference? In this post, we'll help you decide if trunks or boxer briefs are right for you, and give you a few tips on how to style each type of underwear. So which should you choose? It depends on a few factors: your body type, the type of clothing you wear, and your lifestyle. Simply put, trunks are shorter and squarer than boxer briefs, which tend to be longer and more rectangular in shape. Boxer briefs or trunks? What's the difference? And if you’re looking for more gift inspiration then head over to our men’s accessories and cologne & grooming pages and check out all the newest and coolest hats, socks, sunglasses and a lot more.You're at the store, looking at underwear, and you're not sure which style to choose. We’ve got briefs for the classic guy, boxer shorts for a relaxed guy and lots of fits in between.ĪE men’s boxer briefs are also one of the most useful gifts for the holidays, birthdays, anniversaries and pretty much everything else. Not sure what your favorite fit is? Check out the whole line of AE men’s underwear. This fit is all about a snug and secure fit, making it perfect for wearing under your AE skinny jeans and joggers. If less is more in your underwear book then don’t overlook American Eagle trunk underwear, which comes in 2” and 3” lengths. Layer up with your longer length boxer briefs and don’t second guess your fit.Īmerican Eagle men’s boxer brief styles come in another shorter length with a 6” inseam, too. Longer length men’s underwear keeps you protected from the elements when the weather turns colder this fall and winter, and are ideal for wearing with sweatpants and joggers too. These boxer briefs use a contoured pouch to add support and moisture-wicking Flex fabric to leave you feeling fresh, cool and dry even after an active day. The 9” inseam is juuuust right for the guy who wants more coverage for his next run or chill session. If you’ve never tried the longer length boxer briefs, you’re in for a treat with this reliable fit. This iconic style pairs all your favorite aspects of briefs like a snug, secure fit with all the well-loved aspects of boxers like a longer length and full coverage to create a comfortable fit. Whatever way you think of it, our longest inseam men’s underwear comes in hot with our 9” longer length boxer briefs. Following recent mergers and acquisitions that figure is now eight of the top ten. As recently as 2005, only three of today’s top ten pharmaceutical companies had significant activities in vaccines. This situation is changing with the growth of manufacturers headquartered in developing countries and with the significant new investment by multinationals in vaccine R&D. Others, such as Merck, Pfizer and Novartis, offer a narrower range of products addressing particular disease indications or particular market niches. Among the large multinational pharmaceutical companies currently only two, Sanofi Pasteur (part of the Sanofi-Aventis group) and GlaxoSmithKline, manufacture a broad range of vaccines generally licensed for worldwide use. Although there are differences in effectiveness among vaccines, as explained elsewhere in this series (Chapter by Greenwood et al.), most have contributed significantly to the improvements in human health that we have witnessed over the past century. The actual number of vaccine products is however considerably higher, there being many combination vaccines and formulations aimed at different age groups, different geographical regions and both private and public markets. Today there are licensed vaccines available to prevent human infections caused by approximately 25 microbes. Focusing on influenza vaccines as an example that well illustrates many of the relevant points, this article considers current production, distribution, access and other factors that ultimately impact on vaccine uptake and population-level effectiveness. For vaccines whose supplies are limited, either due to rapidly emerging diseases or longer-term mismatch of supply and demand, prioritizing target groups can increase vaccine impact. However, ensuring optimal access and uptake also requires strong partnerships between private manufacturers, regulatory authorities and national and international public health services. Reliable vaccine production in appropriate quantities and at affordable prices is the cornerstone of developing global vaccination policies. Manufacturing complexity is compounded by the need for different formulations for different countries and age groups. The technologies involved in manufacturing different types of vaccines may strongly influence vaccine cost, ease of industrial scale-up, stability and ultimately world-wide availability. Making human vaccines available on a global scale requires the use of complex production methods, meticulous quality control and reliable distribution channels that ensure the products are potent and effective at their point of use. |
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